3/19/2024 0 Comments Firmament heaven earth picture![]() This understanding continued to be accepted throughout the early history of the Christian church and the Middle Ages. Second, this view was common to other peoples of the ancient Near East, especially in Mesopotamia, which was considered the probable source of Hebrew cosmology. The first is textual and linguistic: the context and meaning of certain words such as rāqîa ʿ support this reconstruction. In support of this reconstruction of Hebrew cosmology, supporters bring two lines of argument to bear. This understanding of Hebrew cosmology is so common that pictures of it are frequently found in Bible dictionaries and commentaries. On the surface of the flat earth were terrestrial oceans (“waters below the firmament”) and dry land below the earth were subterranean waters (“fountains of the deep”) and the netherworld of the dead ( šĕ ʾ ôl). The dome also possessed windows or gates through which celestial waters (“waters above the firmament”) could, upon occasion, pass. Attached to the dome and visible to observers below were the stars, sun, and moon. Above this solid dome was a celestial ocean (“waters above the firmament”). This understanding is built around the idea that the Hebrew word rāqîa ʿ, which appears in Genesis 1 and is usually translated “firmament” in English Bibles, was actually understood by the ancient Hebrews to be a solid, hemispherical dome or vault that rested upon mountains or pillars that stood along the outermost perimeter of a circular, flat disk-the earth. But not to dwell upon the fact that to remove the moon four times its present distance from the earth, which it would require to be in order to be always full, would necessitate important changes in the other members of the solar system which might not be for the earth's advantage, the immediate effect of such a disposition of the lunar orb would be to give us a moon of only one sixteenth the size of that which now dispenses its silver beams upon our darkened globe ( Job 11:12).This article was originally published as a chapter in the book “ The Genesis Creation Account and Its Reverberations in the Old Testament."Īnyone who wishes to study ancient Hebrew cosmology will quickly discover that the common understanding among most modern biblical scholars is that the Hebrews had a prescientific, even naive, view of the universe. Laplace was inclined to question the Divine verdict with regard at least to the moon, which he thought might have been so placed as to be always full, whereas, at its present distance from the earth, we are sometimes deprived of both its light and the sun's together. An intimation that on this day the astronomical arrangements for the illumination of the globe and the measurement of time were permanently settled. sun, moon, and stars) in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth, and to rule over the day and ever the night, and to divide the light from the darkness. And God set (literally, gave) them (i.e. God set them in the expanse of the sky to give light to the earth,Īnd God giveth them in the expanse of the heavens to give light upon the earth, God set them in the dome of the sky to give light upon the earth,Īnd God set them in the expanse of the sky to shine on the earth,Īnd God set them in the firmament of the heaven, to give light upon the earth. God placed the lights in the expanse of the sky to shine on the earth, God set them in the dome of the sky, to illuminate the earth, God placed them in space to shine on the earth,Īnd God gives them in the expanse of the heavens to give light on the earth, He placed the lights in the sky to shine on the earth, God put them in the sky to give light to the earth, Then God put these lights in the sky to shine on the earth,Īnd he set them in the firmament of heaven to shine upon the earth. God placed them in the expanse of the sky to provide light on the earth,Īnd God set them in the firmament of heaven to give light upon the earth,Īnd God gave them in the firmament of Heaven to give light on the Earth,Īnd God placed them in the firmament of the heaven, so as to shine upon the earth, God placed them in the expanse of the heavens to provide light upon the earth, God placed them in the expanse of the heavens to give light on the earth,Īnd God placed them in the expanse of the heavens to give light on the earth, God set them in the firmament of the heavens to give light on the earth, ![]() God set these lights in the expanse of the sky to shine upon the earth,Īnd God set them in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth, God set these lights in the sky to light the earth,Īnd God set them in the expanse of the heavens to give light on the earth, God set them in the vault of the sky to give light on the earth,
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